Include

Demonstration: Include
Java API: Include
JavaScript API: Include
Style Guide: N/A

Employment/Purpose

The include component is used to include the output generated by another servlet. The servlet could be anything including JSF, JSP and even another ZUML page.

<window title="include demo" border="normal" width="300px">
	Hello, World!
	<include src="/userguide/misc/includedHello.zul" />
	<include src="/html/frag.html?some=any" />
	<include src="mypage" argument="${anyValue}" other="${anotherValue}" />
</window>

Like all other properties, you could dynamically change the src attribute to include the output from a different servlet at run time.

If the included output is from another ZUML, this allows developers to access components in the included page as if they are part of the containing page.

If the include component is used to include a ZUML page, the included page will become part of the desktop. However, the included page is not visible until the request is processed completely. In other words, it is visible only in the following events, triggered by user or timer.

The reason is that the include component includes a page as late as the Rendering phase. On the other hand, zscript takes place at the Component Creation phase, and onCreate takes place at the Event Processing Phase. They both execute before the inclusion.

Example

<window title="include demo" border="normal" width="300px">
	Hello, World!
	<include src="/userguide/misc/includedHello.zul" />
	<include src="/html/frag.html?some=any" />
	<include src="mypage" argument="${anyValue}" other="${anotherValue}" />
</window>

Modes

There are two ways to include another ZUML document: instant and defer. It is controlled by the property called mode (Include.setMode(String)). By default, it is auto, i.e., the real mode is decided automatically as described below. Notice that the included file should not contain <html> tag.

Auto

The auto mode (default) decides the mode based the page to include. If the page (Include.setSrc(String)) is ended with the extension named .zul, .zhtml, .html, or .xhtml, the instant mode is assumed. Otherwise, the defer mode is assumed. If it is not the case (such as your ZUML page's extension is not any of them), you could specify the mode explicitly.

Notice that if a query string is specified, the defer mode is assumed, too, since the instant mode does not support the query string (#1).

That means , the following sample is using defer mode so the ${param.test} in header.zul is working .
   <include src="header.zul?test=5" />                          
but the following sample is using instant mode , so the ${param.test} in the header.zul is not working.
   <include mode="instant" src="header.zul?test=5" />       
If you have no any query string in src and it's ended with ".zul" , the include will be instant mode by default.
   <include src="header.zul" />

The code below demonstrates how to use the auto mode:

<window title="demo" border="normal">
	<include mode="auto" src="another.zul" />
</window>

Instant

In the instant mode, the include component loads the page by the use of Execution.createComponents(String, Component, Map). It means that the components defined in the included page are instantiated instantly and added as children of the include component.

Unlike the defer mode, no additional Page instance is created.

The code below demonstrates how to use the instant mode:

<window title="demo" border="normal">
	<include mode="instant" src="include.zul" />
</window>

Notice the include component itself is a ID space owner, so there is no issue of ID conflicts. But, it also means you have to use Path or other techniques to retrieve the child components.

Pass Values to the Included Page

you can pass values through Include.setDynamicProperty(String, Object). Unlike the defer mode, the query string is not supported in the instant mode.

For example:

 <include src="mypage" some="something" another="${expr}"/>

Then, you could retrieve the values by use the arg object as described in the Load ZUML in Java section.

In the defer mode, the values have to be retrieved by the requestScope object.

Unfortunately there is a bug in 5.0.5, so it won't work unless you use 5.0.6 or later.

Defer

In the defer mode, the include component includes the page by going through the Servlet container(the include method of javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher). Thus, it is OK to include any kind of pages, not limited to ZUML documents.

<window title="demo" border="normal">
	<include mode="defer" src="include.zul" />
</window>

Differences to the Instant Mode

Here is a list of differences between the defer and instant modes if a ZUML document is included (directly or indirectly going through another, say, JSP page) to contain the components defined in the included ZUML document.

In the defer mode, an instance of Page will be created.
In the defer mode, the instantiated components become the root of the Page instance. The include component itself has no child component at all.
In the defer mode, the page is included when the include component is rendered. Thus, the Page instance (and its content) is not available when loading the ZUML document that the include component belongs to. It means you cannot access any of its content until receiving an AU request from the client.

Pass Values to the Included Page

There are two ways to pass values to the included page in the defer mode. First, you can pass them with the query string.

 <include mode="defer" src="mypage?some=something"/>

Then, in the included page, you can access them with Execution.getParameter(String) or the javax.servlet.ServletRequest interface. In EL expressions (of the included page), you can use the param object or the paramValues object to access them.

 ${param.some}

Notice that you can only pass String-typed values with the query string. Alternatively, we can pass any kind of values with the so-called dynamic properties by use of Include.setDynamicProperty(String, Object) or, in ZUL, a dynamic property as follows:

<include mode="defer" src="mypage" some="something" another="${expr}"/>

With the dynamic properties, you can pass non-String-typed values. In the included page, you can access them with Execution.getAttribute(String) or the javax.servlet.ServletRequest interface. In EL expressions (of the included page), you can use the requestScope object to access them.

 ${requestScope.some}

Include the Same Page Twice

With the include component, you could include any pages multiple times no matter it is in the instant or defer mode. For example,

<include src="/mypage.zul"/>
<include src="/mypage.zul"/>

However, if you are using the defer mode and want to access the component inside of them, you have to assign a unique identifier of the page being included. Here is what you can do.

<include mode="defer" src="/mypage.zul?pageId=first"/>
<include mode="defer" src="/mypage.zul?pageId=second"/>

In additions, in the page being include, i.e., mypage.zul in this example, you have to write

<?page id="${param.pageId}"?>

Then, you could access their component by the use of Path as follows.

Path.getComponent('//first/textbox/'); 
Path.getComponent('//second/textbox/');

Notice that, in the defer mode, components are created as late as rendering the include component, so you could access them only in the event listener serving AU requests (aka., Ajax).

Include Non-ZUML Pages

If the included page is not ZUML (such as a HTML fragment), the content is generated directly, so they might be evaluated before widgets are rendered. Technically it is OK. However, if the included page embeds some JavaScript code that depends on widgets, it might run as you expected. For example, assume we have the includer and included page as follows:

<!-- includer -->
<window id="main">
  <include src="frag.html"/>
</window>

<!-- included -->
<script>zk.log(jq("$main"));</script>

Then, jq("$main") will resolve nothing (an empty array) because its content is evaluated first.

There are two solutions to make it evaluate later:

Use zk.afterMount(Function, int) in the included page
Or, specify this custom attribute to defer the rendering in the includer.

Use zk.afterMount() in the included page

First, you could use zk.afterMount(Function, int) to defer the evaluation as follows in the included page:

<!-- the included non-ZUML page -->
<script>
zk.afterMount(function () {
    zk.log(jq("$main"));
    ...//handle widgets:
});
</script>

Use the org.zkoss.zul.include.html.defer attribute

[since 5.0.7]

Alternatively, you could specify a custom attribute called the org.zkoss.zul.include.html.defer in the Include component (rather than using zk.afterMount(Function, int) in the included component):

<!-- the includee -->
<include src="included.html">
    <custom-attributes org.zkoss.zul.include.html.defer="true"/>
</include>

Backward Compatibility

For versions prior to 5.0, the defer mode is the default. If you prefer to keep using the defer mode, you could specify a library property called org.zkoss.zul.include.mode as follows.

<library-property>
    <name>org.zkoss.zul.include.mode</name>
     <value>defer</value>
</library-property>

Refresh Included Pages

First, use the include component with either the instant or defer mode to include whatever page you want (ZUML, JSP, JSF or whatever) inside a ZK document. Second, you can dynamically change it by changing the src property (Include.setSrc(String).

For example, the following code would change the included page from hello.zul to byebye.zul, when an end user press the Bye! button.

<include id="inner" src="hello.zul"/>
<button label="Bye!" onClick='inner.src = "byebye.zul"'/>

If you want to reload the same page (and not to change to another page), you have to set the src property to null first; then set it back to what it was. Because ZK optimizes operations, setting the same value to the same property would be deemed to do nothing.

For example, the following code would refresh the hello.zul page when an end user press the Reload button.

<include id="inner" src="hello.zul"/>
<button id="reload" label="Reload" onClick="String tmp=inner.src; inner.src=null; inner.src=tmp;"/>

Another way to reload is to invalidate the "include" component by use of Component.invalidate() as follows.

<include id="inner" src="hello.zul"/>
<button id="reload" label="Reload" onClick="inner.invalidate();"/>

Notice that Component.invalidate() will cause the included page to be reloaded in both the instance and defer mode.

Access Components Inside

Since include creates ID space, to access components inside it , please refer to ZK_Developer's_Reference/UI_Composing/ID_Space#Find_Component_Manually

Progressing for Slow Pages

If an included page takes too long to load, you could specify true to the progressing property (Include.setProgressing(boolean)). Thus, the included page won't load in the same HTTP request, so the including page will be ready to the client as soon as possible.

<include page="slow.zul" progressing="true"/>

ZK Client Engine will show a busy message to indicate that the page is not ready yet, and this prevents users from accessing it. Then, the real loading of the included page will then take place later. Though the end user still cannot access the page, the feed back is much better (with a semi-ready page than totally blank).

This feature is actually done by the use of the so-called echo event. For more information, please refer to the Long Operations: Use Echo Events section.

This feature cannot be used with the instant mode. If the auto mode is used (default), it switches to the defer mode automatically.

Custom Attributes

org.zkoss.zul.include.html.defer

[default: false]
[inherit: true]^[1]
[since 5.0.7]

It specifies whether to defer the rendering of the included non-ZUML page, until all widgets are instantiated and rendered at the client. By default, if the included page is not ZUML (i.e., HTML fragment), the content is generated directly, and they might be evaluated before widgets are rendered (depending on the browser and the complexity of a page).

For more information, please refer to the #Include Non-ZUML Pages section.

↑ The custom attribute could be specified in this component, or any of its ancestor. In addition, it could be specified as a library property to enable or disable it for the whole application.

Supported Events

Name	Event Type
None	None

Inherited Supported Events: XulElement

Supported Children

*NONE

Use Cases

Version	Description	Example Location

Version History

Last Update : 2022/01/07

Version	Date	Content
5.0.0	January 2010	The mode is default to `auto` (rather than `defer`). You could configure the default mode to defer by specifying a library property called org.zkoss.zul.include.mode in `WEB-INF/zk.xml`.
5.0.7	April 2011	The custom attribute called `org.zkoss.zul.include.html.defer` was introduced to defer the rendering of a non-ZUML page (such as HTML fragment) until all widgets are instantiated and rendered at the client.

Last Update : 2022/01/07

[1] The custom attribute could be specified in this component, or any of its ancestor. In addition, it could be specified as a library property to enable or disable it for the whole application.

[1]

Anonymous

Include

Namespaces

More

Page actions

Contents

Include

Employment/Purpose

Example

Modes

Auto

Instant

Pass Values to the Included Page

Defer

Differences to the Instant Mode

Pass Values to the Included Page

Include the Same Page Twice

Include Non-ZUML Pages

Backward Compatibility

Refresh Included Pages

Access Components Inside

Progressing for Slow Pages

Custom Attributes

org.zkoss.zul.include.html.defer

Supported Events

Supported Children

Use Cases

Version History