Tree Model

Here we describe how to implement a tree model (TreeModel). You shall understand the interaction among a component, a model, and a renderer, please refer to the Model-driven Display section.

Choose a Proper Model Class

A TreeModel is the data model of a tree-like component, such as Tree.

If the tree data is small enough to be loaded completely into a TreeModel, you can use DefaultTreeModel which accepts DefaultTreeNode to construct a tree.

In a more complicated case, if you want to implement custom logic like load-on-demand and caching. Maybe the data is too large to load them all into a TreeModel at once. Then, we suggest you to extend AbstractTreeModel, which will handle the data listeners transparently.

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Example: In-Memory Tree with DefaultTreeModel

Since 5.0.6

If you prefer to use TreeNode to construct the tree dynamically, you could use DefaultTreeModel and DefaultTreeNode. The use is straightfoward, but it means that the whole tree must be constructed before having it being displayed.

For example, suppose we want to show up a tree of file information, and the file information is stored as FileInfo:

package foo;
public class FileInfo {
    public final String path;
    public final String description;
    public FileInfo(String path, String description) {
           this.path = path;
           this.description = description;
    }
}

Then, we could create a tree of file information with DefaultTreeModel as follows.

TreeModel model = new DefaultTreeModel(
  new DefaultTreeNode(null,
    new DefaultTreeNode[] {
      new DefaultTreeNode(new FileInfo("/doc", "Release and License Notes")),
      new DefaultTreeNode(new FileInfo("/dist", "Distribution"),
        new DefaultTreeNode[] {
          new DefaultTreeNode(new FileInfo("/lib", "ZK Libraries"),
            new DefaultTreeNode[] {
              new DefaultTreeNode(new FileInfo("zcommon.jar", "ZK Common Library")),
              new DefaultTreeNode(new FileInfo("zk.jar", "ZK Core Library"))
            }),
          new DefaultTreeNode(new FileInfo("/src", "Source Code")),
          new DefaultTreeNode(new FileInfo("/xsd", "XSD Files"))
        })
      }
  ));

To render FileInfo, you have to implement a custom renderer. For example,

package foo;
import org.zkoss.zul.*;
public class FileInfoRenderer implements TreeitemRenderer<DefaultTreeNode<FileInfo>> {
    public void render(Treeitem item, DefaultTreeNode<FileInfo> data, int index) throws Exception {
        FileInfo fi = data.getData();
        Treerow tr = new Treerow();
        item.appendChild(tr);
        tr.appendChild(new Treecell(fi.path));
        tr.appendChild(new Treecell(fi.description));
    }
}

Then, we could put them together in a ZUML document:

<div apply="foo.FileInfoTreeController">
    <tree id="tree">
        <treecols>
            <treecol label="Path"/>
            <treecol label="Description"/>
        </treecols>
    </tree>
</div>

where we assume you have a controller, foo.FileInfoTreeController, to bind them together. For example,

package foo;
import org.zkoss.zul.Tree;
import org.zkoss.zul.Div;
import org.zkoss.zk.ui.util.GenericForwardComposer;
public class FileInfoTreeController extends GenericForwardComposer<Div> {
    private Tree tree;

    @Override
    public void doAfterCompose(Div div) throws Exception{
        super.doAfterCompose(div);
        tree.setModel(new DefaultTreeModel(..../*as shown above*/));
        tree.setItemRenderer(new FileInfoRenderer());
    }
}

Then, the result:

Notice that you could manipulate the tree dynamically (such as adding a node with DefaultTreeNode.add(TreeNode)). The tree shown at the browser will be modified accordingly.

Example: Load-on-Demand Tree with AbstractTreeModel

Implementing all TreeModel directly provides the maximal flexibility, such as load-on-demand and caching. For example, you don't have to load a node until TreeModel.getChild(Object, int) is called. In addition, you could load and cache all children of a given node when TreeModel.getChild(Object, int) is called the first time against a particular node, and then return a child directly if it is in the cache.

For example (pseudo code):

public class MyModel extends AbstractTreeModel<Object> {
    public Object getChild(Object parent, int index) {
        Object[] children = _cache.get(parent); //assume you have a cache for children of a given node
        if (children == null)
            children = _cache.loadChildren(parent); //ask cache to load all children of a given node
        return children[index];
    }
...

By extending from AbstractTreeModel, you have to implement three methods: TreeModel.getChild(Object, int), TreeModel.getChildCount(Object), and TreeModel.isLeaf(Object). Optionally, you could implement TreeModel.getIndexOfChild(Object, langObject), if you have a better algorithm than iterating through all children of a given parent.

Improving Performance

You should override TreeModel.getPath(E) to implement an efficient way to deduce the sibling index of each ancestor of a node. Because the default implementation of getPath() in AbstractTreeModel will traverse from the root node to compute the index which is ineffcient with lots of nodes. Such node traversing will call getChild() and load unnecessary nodes from the data source which consume more memory.

An Example

Here is a simple example, which generates a four-level tree and each branch has five children:

package foo;
public class FooModel extends AbstractTreeModel<Object> {
    public FooModel() {
        super("Root");
    }
    public boolean isLeaf(Object node) {
        return getLevel((String)node) >= 4; //at most 4 levels
    }
    public Object getChild(Object parent, int index) {
        return parent + "." + index;
    }
    public int getChildCount(Object parent) {
        return isLeaf(parent) ? 0: 5; //each node has 5 children
    }
    public int getIndexOfChild(Object parent, Object child) {
        String data = (String)child;
        int i = data.lastIndexOf('.');
        return Integer.parseInt(data.substring(i + 1));
    }
    private int getLevel(String data) {
        for (int i = -1, level = 0;; ++level)
            if ((i = data.indexOf('.', i + 1)) < 0)
                return level;
    }
};

Then, we could have a ZUML document to display it as follows.

<?taglib uri="http://www.zkoss.org/dsp/web/core" prefix="c" ?>
<tree model="${c:new('foo.FooModel')}">
    <treecols>
        <treecol label="Names"/>
    </treecols>
</tree>

And, the result

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Example: Create/Update/Delete operation with DefaultTreeNode

Since 5.0.6

To demonstrate the example, first we add create, update and delete buttons in the ZUML document:

<tree id="tree">
...
</tree>
<grid>
    <auxhead>
        <auxheader colspan="2" label="Add/Edit FileInfo" />
    </auxhead>
    <columns visible="false">
        <column />
        <column />
    </columns>
    <rows>
        <row>
            <cell><textbox id="pathTbx" /></cell>
            <cell><textbox id="descriptionTbx" width="300px"/></cell>
        </row>
        <row>
            <cell colspan="2" align="center">
                index: <intbox id="index" /><button id="create" label="Add to selected parent node" />
                <button id="update" label="update" />
                <button id="delete" label="delete" />
            </cell>
        </row>
    </rows>
</grid>

The intbox here is for specifying index to insert before the selected tree item.

Add/Insert

DefaultTreeNode provides DefaultTreeNode.add(TreeNode) and DefaultTreeNode.insert(TreeNode, int) that can manipulate the tree dynamically.

Here we register onClick event to create Button in foo.FileInfoTreeController:

//wire component as member fields
private Textbox pathTbx;
private Textbox descriptionTbx;
private Intbox index;
//register onClick event for creating new object into tree model
public void onClick$create() {
    String path = pathTbx.getValue();
    String description = descriptionTbx.getValue();
    if ("".equals(path)) {
        alert("no new content to add");
    } else {
        Treeitem selectedTreeItem = tree.getSelectedItem();
        DefaultTreeNode newNode = new DefaultTreeNode(new FileInfo(path, description));
        DefaultTreeNode selectedTreeNode = null;
        Integer i = index.getValue();
        // if no treeitem is selected, append child to root
        if (selectedTreeItem == null) {
            selectedTreeNode = (DefaultTreeNode) ((DefaultTreeModel) tree.getModel()).getRoot();
            if (i == null) // if no index specified, append to last.
                selectedTreeNode.add(newNode);
            else // if index specified, insert before the index number.
                selectedTreeNode.insert(newNode, i);
        } else {
            selectedTreeNode = (DefaultTreeNode) selectedTreeItem.getValue();

            if (selectedTreeNode.isLeaf())
                selectedTreeNode = selectedTreeNode.getParent();

            if (i == null)
                selectedTreeNode.add(newNode);
            else
                selectedTreeNode.insert(newNode, i);
        }
    }
}

If index is not specified, we add a new node using DefaultTreeNode.add(TreeNode) at the bottom of the parent node by default, or we can also use DefaultTreeNode.insert(TreeNode, int) to insert a new node before the specified index.

Update/Delete

DefaultTreeNode provides DefaultTreeNode.setData(Object) which can update selected tree items and DefaultTreeNode.removeFromParent() that can delete the selected tree item from its parent node.

Here we register onClick event to update and delete Button in foo.FileInfoTreeController:

//register onClick event for updating edited data in tree model
public void onClick$update() {
    Treeitem selectedTreeItem = treeGrid.getSelectedItem();
    if(selectedTreeItem == null) {
        alert("select one item to update");
    } else {
        DefaultTreeNode selectedTreeNode = (DefaultTreeNode) selectedTreeItem.getValue();
        //get current FileInfo from selected tree node
        FileInfo fileInfo = (FileInfo) selectedTreeNode.getData();
        //set new value of current FileInfo
        fileInfo.setPath(pathTbx.getValue());
        fileInfo.setDescription(descriptionTbx.getValue());
        //set current FileInfo in the selected tree node
        selectedTreeNode.setData(fileInfo);
    }
}

//register onClick event for removing data in tree model
public void onClick$delete() {
    final Treeitem selectedTreeItem = treeGrid.getSelectedItem();
    if(selectedTreeItem == null) {
        alert("select one item to delete");
    } else {
        DefaultTreeNode selectedTreeNode = (DefaultTreeNode) selectedTreeItem.getValue();
        selectedTreeNode.removeFromParent();
    }
}

For updating tree node data, we have to modify render() of foo.FileInfoRenderer:

public void render(Treeitem item, DefaultTreeNode<FileInfo> data, int index) throws Exception {
    FileInfo fi = data.getData();
    if (tr == null) {
        tr = new Treerow();
    }else{
        tr.getChildren().clear();
    }    
    item.appendChild(tr);
    tr.appendChild(new Treecell(fi.path));
    tr.appendChild(new Treecell(fi.description));
}

Sorting

Interface: Sortable
Implementation: You have to implement it explicitly

To support the sorting, the model must implement Sortable too. Thus, when the end user clicks the header to request the sorting, Sortable.sort(Comparator, boolean) will be called.

For example, (pseudo code)

public class FooModel extends AbstractTreeModel implements Sortable {
    public void sort(Comparator cmpr, final boolean ascending) {
        sortData(cmpr); //sort your data here
        fireEvent(ListDataEvent.CONTENTS_CHANGED, -1, -1); //ask component to reload all
    }
...

Notice that the ascending parameter is used only for reference and you usually don't need it, since the cmpr is already a comparator capable to sort in the order specified in the ascending parameter.

Selection

Interface: TreeSelectableModel
Implementation: Implemented by AbstractTreeModel

If your data model also provides the collection of selected elements, you shall also implement TreeSelectableModel. When using with a component supporting the selection (such as Tree), the component will invoke TreeSelectableModel.isPathSelected(int[]) to display the selected elements correctly. In additions, if the end user selects or deselects an item, TreeSelectableModel.addSelectionPath(int[]) and TreeSelectableModel.removeSelectionPath(int[]) will be called by the component to notify the model that the selection is changed. Then, you can update the selection into the persistent layer (such as database) if necessary.

On the other hand, when the model detects the selection is changed (such as TreeSelectableModel.addSelectionPath(int[]) is called), it has to fire the event, such as TreeDataEvent.SELECTION_CHANGED to notify the component. It will cause the component to correct the selection.

All default implementations, including AbstractTreeModel and DefaultTreeModel implements TreeSelectableModel. Thus, your implementation generally doesn't have to implement it explicitly.

It is important to note that, once a tree is assigned with a tree model, the application shall not manipulate the tree items and/or change the selection of the tree directly. Rather, the application shall access only the list model to add, remove and select data elements. Let the model notify the component what have been changed.

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Selection Control

since 8.0.0

With the multiple selection function in a data model, you have to implement a class for the SelectionControl to tell the data model which items are selectable and what it will perform a "select all" function with. The following implementation which extends AbstractTreeModel.DefaultSelectionControl is a simple example to change "selectable" items.

Please note that if your data model is much larger, you may implement on your own to get rid of the performance impact.

model.setSelectionControl(new AbstractTreeModel.DefaultSelectionControl(model) {
	public boolean isSelectable(Object e) {
		int i = model.indexOf(e);
		return i % 2 == 0;
	}
});

Open Tree Nodes

Interface: TreeOpenableModel
Implementation: Implemented by AbstractTreeModel

By default, all tree nodes are closed. To control whether to open a tree node, you could implement TreeOpenableModel. More importantly, to open a tree node, the application shall access the model's TreeOpenableModel API, rather than accessing Treeitem directly.

All default implementations, including AbstractTreeModel and DefaultTreeModel implements TreeOpenableModel. Thus, your implementation generally doesn't have to implement it explicitly.

Note: If your tree model contains a lot of nodes, please also implement TreeModel.getPath(E) to get the better performance, by default it is implemented by Depth-first search to get the path from a tree node.

Leaf Node

The DefaultTreeNode has 2 constructors: DefaultTreeNode(data) and DefaultTreeNode(data, children). If you want to display a leaf node, you should use DefaultTreeNode(data) constructor, otherwise even if you provide a zero size of a list for DefaultTreeNode(data, children) constructor, ZK tree will still treat the node as a non-leaf node, and display it as an empty folder.

Since 5.0.12 / 6.0.3 / 6.5.1

DefaultTreeModel provides a boolean argument to its constructor for configuring to treat the zero size of children node as a leaf node.

//@param emptyChildAsLeaf whether to treat the zero size of children node as a leaf node.
DefaultTreeModel model2 = new DefaultTreeModel(root, true);

Version History

Version	Date	Content
5.0.6	January 2011	TreeNode, DefaultTreeNode and DefaultTreeModel were intrdocued.
6.0.0	February 2012	TreeSelectableModel and TreeOpenableModel were introduced to replace Selectable and Openable.
5.0.12 / 6.0.3 / 6.5.1	October 2012	DefaultTreeModel add a new constructor for configuring to treat the zero size of children node as a leaf node.